中医针推网

 找回密码
 注册

QQ登录

只需一步,快速开始

查看: 2765|回复: 0

膜表面受体介导的信号转导

[复制链接]
发表于 2007-1-29 10:14:17 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<B>膜表面受体介导的信号转导</B></TD> </TR><TR><TD class=Article_tdbgall align="middle">作者:佚名&nbsp;&nbsp;文章来源:细胞生物学在线&nbsp;
$ W4 u$ \. W; Y% Y6 W% U<HR align=center width="100%" color=#8ea7cd noShade SIZE=1>' S( u# U" X  k. c- k1 `# b' V" H% [; t
</TD></TR><TR><TD># y) ^/ D( `3 ^) t4 @) w( W- u, f
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亲水性化学信号分子(包括神经递质、蛋白激素、生长因子等)不能直接进入细胞,只能通过膜表面的特异受体传递信号,使靶细胞产生效应。</SPAN></P>$ I; a3 a' l7 s  t- @* ]! I
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">膜表面受体主要有三类(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">):</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子通道型受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ion-channel-linked receptor</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">);</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G-protein-linked receptor</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">);</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶耦联的受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">enzyme-linked receptor</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。第一类存在于可兴奋细胞。后两类存在于大多数细胞,在信号转导的早期表现为激酶级联(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">kinase cascade</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)事件,即为一系列蛋白质的逐级磷酸化,籍此使信号逐级传送和放大。</SPAN></P># M  `& [" H! q5 {( g. E3 E
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=374 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180124149.jpg" width=524></SPAN></P>
- c2 t6 ?( }& C: {<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-7 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">膜表面受体主要有三类</SPAN></P>2 \2 h1 b+ f8 i+ G
<H3 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">一、离子通道型受体</SPAN></A></H3>
6 |/ h6 Y8 L" C- ~<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子通道型受体</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">是一类自身为离子通道的受体,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">即配体门通道(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ligand-gated channel</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。主要存在于神经、肌肉等可兴奋细胞,其信号分子为神经递质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>+ F, l+ @9 @& X4 n$ ]3 `
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">神经递质通过与受体的结合而改变通道蛋白的构象,导致离子通道的开启或关闭,改变质膜的离子通透性,在瞬间将胞外化学信号转换为电信号,继而改变突触后细胞的兴奋性。如:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">乙酰胆碱受体(图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)以三种构象存在,两分子乙酰胆碱的结合可以使之处于通道开放构象,但该受体处于通道开放构象状态的时限仍十分短暂,在几十毫微秒内又回到关闭状态。然后乙酰胆碱与之解离,受体则恢复到初始状态,做好重新接受配体的准备。</SPAN></P>
* o$ ^0 W& u! v( w<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子通道型受体分为阳离子通道,如乙酰胆碱、谷氨酸和五羟色胺的受体,和阴离子通道,如甘氨酸和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">γ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">-氨基丁酸的受体。</SPAN></P>
( g! z4 b# @$ n<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=195 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180124742.jpg" width=496></SPAN></P>5 }4 q6 E7 |5 X3 P
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-8 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子通道型受体</SPAN></P>6 T# l3 ]* t0 y" w/ X
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=253 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180124939.jpg" width=460></SPAN></P>& q0 ^; F* t+ n3 Q
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-9 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">乙酰胆碱受体结构模型</SPAN></P>* j* }7 a* D. x$ y: h
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
  M9 e  V) [+ Q+ L4 r' [9 e<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=307 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180124734.jpg" width=472></SPAN></P>+ g0 R5 i- J; s- N) p$ C( n
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-10 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">乙酰胆碱受体的三种构象</SPAN></P>4 a; k7 V/ S5 O9 s5 q8 K" B
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
# R5 u' ^1 n4 `0 U( c<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=313 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180125241.jpg" width=553></SPAN></P>
! X& i$ t% c+ X7 z) V<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-11 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">神经肌肉接点处的离子</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通道型受体</SPAN></P>8 M! x1 f$ {% t: N* t7 D7 |
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>7 e! m3 {+ ~% k$ E# d0 H# B- n1 ?7 q
<H3 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">二、</SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体</SPAN></H3>
6 p0 Q, [) N4 ]! y) ?$ o* o<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三聚体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合调节蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">trimeric GTP-binding regulatory protein</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)简称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白,位于质膜胞质侧,由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">β</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">γ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三个亚基组成,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">γ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基通过共价结合的脂肪酸链尾结合在膜上,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白在信号转导过程中起着分子开关的作用(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合时处于关闭状态,与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合时处于开启状态,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶活性,能催化所结合的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ATP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水解,恢复无活性的三聚体状态,其</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶的活性能被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RGS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">regulator of G protein signaling</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)增强。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RGS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">也属于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GAP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTPase activating protein</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>9 u4 |; N$ g# b) ~/ Z! B3 }
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=544 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180125364.jpg" width=462></SPAN></P>
! [+ l: U0 F/ `4 |' P5 U' M7 M3 M<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-12 G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白分子开关</SPAN></P>
% \: B6 ~* T3 c0 W, t<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">次跨膜蛋白(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-13</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),受体胞外结构域识别胞外信号分子并与之结合,胞内结构域与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联。通过与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联,调节相关酶活性,在细胞内产生第二信使,从而将胞外信号跨膜传递到胞内。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体包括多种神经递质、肽类激素和趋化因子的受体,在味觉、视觉和嗅觉中接受外源理化因素的受体亦属</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体。</SPAN></P>
- [* q: f% X9 X2 l4 p' Y<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=416 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180125495.jpg" width=307></SPAN></P>
' @$ R* c' i; A" j" _* c<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-13 G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">次跨膜蛋白</SPAN></P>
8 C0 Q5 c- A% g- U$ j; |<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联受体所介导的细胞信号通路主要包括:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇信号通路。</SPAN></P>
- `  p1 E6 T1 x4 T5 H! J<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(一)</SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US>cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径</SPAN></H4>% @+ j* N8 C3 [( a8 t- b1 \- t
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径中,细胞外信号与相应受体结合,调节腺苷酸环化酶活性,通过第二信使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水平的变化,将细胞外信号转变为细胞内信号。</SPAN></P>
; C4 K7 ?1 \' G9 _( h<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号的组分</SPAN></H5>( ?  ?: Z) A7 n) t( [' e% `6 u
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活型激素受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)或抑制型激素受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ri</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">);</SPAN></P>
8 p1 o. m1 ], q$ C* r<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化型调节蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)或抑制型调节蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">);</SPAN></P>9 p" x  R- Y; N
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">③.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">腺苷酸环化酶(Adenylyl cyclase):是相对分子量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">150KD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的糖蛋白,跨膜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">次。在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Mg<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Mn<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的存在下,腺苷酸环化酶催化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ATP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">生成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-14</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
1 P' M. R: B& K7 H8 u, r- X7 w<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=511 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180125947.jpg" width=450></SPAN></P>7 d7 O8 v$ a7 @1 a# C0 g
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-14 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">腺苷酸环化酶</SPAN></P>  {5 [1 v# ]4 A5 J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">④.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Protein Kinase A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">):由两个催化亚基和两个调节亚基组成(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),在没有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">时,以钝化复合体形式存在。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与调节亚基结合,改变调节亚基构象,使调节亚基和催化亚基解离,释放出催化亚基。活化的蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">催化亚基可使细胞内某些蛋白的丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基磷酸化,于是改变这些蛋白的活性,进一步影响到相关基因的表达。</SPAN></P>5 Q# s' {% J. r6 g; w# f
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=300 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180125764.jpg" width=492></SPAN></P>) @1 m+ E5 L: }- i
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-15 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">A</SPAN></P>. O  p+ k; B9 P% H  w3 Z
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">⑤.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">环腺苷酸磷酸二酯酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP phosphodiesterase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">):可降解</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">生成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5’-AMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,起终止信号的作用(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
, u4 J6 X& x( }<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=376 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180126207.jpg" width=306></SPAN></P>
2 K9 M, i' X9 V3 Q* d) V9 [% H<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-16 cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的降解</SPAN></P>
% y( I3 u7 H1 o& r, G0 g$ D& R<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">调节模型</SPAN></H5>: K6 t, y; k: ]0 ^- w6 Y
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">当细胞没有受到激素刺激,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">处于非活化态,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合,此时腺苷酸环化酶没有活性;当激素配体与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合后,导致</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">构象改变,暴露出与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合的位点,使激素</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体复合物与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基构象改变,从而排斥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,结合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">而活化,使三聚体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白解离出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">基复合物,并暴露出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与腺苷酸环化酶的结合位点;结合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与腺苷酸环化酶结合,使之活化,并将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ATP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">转化为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。随着</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的水解</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基恢复原来的构象并导致与腺苷酸环化酶解离,终止腺苷酸环化酶的活化作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基重新结合,使细胞回复到静止状态。</SPAN></P>. @$ f, f2 j$ U. E
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基复合物也可直接激活胞内靶分子,具有传递信号的功能,如心肌细胞中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联受体在结合乙酰胆碱刺激下,活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基复合物能开启质膜上的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">K<SUP>+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通道,改变心肌细胞的膜电位。此外</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基复合物也能与膜上的效应酶结合,对结合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基起协同或拮抗作用。</SPAN></P># b+ Z$ B3 B. ]. n
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">霍乱毒素能催化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ADP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">核糖基共价结合到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基上,致使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基丧失</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶的活性,结果</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">永久结合在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基上,使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基处于持续活化状态,腺苷酸环化酶永久性活化。导致霍乱病患者细胞内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Na<SUP>+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和水持续外流,产生严重腹泻而脱水。</SPAN></P>
  R( V* N+ S$ l4 _: s0 b<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">该信号途径涉及的反应链可表示为:</SPAN></P>
; H' |1 T5 @- _* A7 m0 _<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激素</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联受体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">腺苷酸环化酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→cAMP→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">依赖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">A→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">基因调控蛋白</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">基因转录(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-17</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>% j8 R3 G" m% G& u1 O$ v/ T  p8 b  {
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=373 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180126325.jpg" width=512></SPAN></P>
6 q- h; S; o0 A<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-17 Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">调节模型</SPAN></P>
% n4 x/ Y0 U6 _! z7 g/ ^' |% z<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">不同细胞对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径的反应速度不同,在肌肉细胞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">秒钟之内可启动糖原降解为葡糖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷酸(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),而抑制糖原的合成。在某些分泌细胞,需要几个小时,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKA </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">进入细胞核,将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CRE</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合蛋白磷酸化,调节相关基因的表达。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CRE</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP response element </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DNA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">上的调节区域(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-19</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>+ h& j5 _/ }+ S0 a4 E( S4 _) _
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=389 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180126203.jpg" width=524></SPAN></P>
6 ]' A3 D: @, o<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-18 cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号与糖原降解</SPAN></P>4 x- ]7 _$ z1 y# D4 |" n
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=562 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180126103.jpg" width=283></SPAN></P>' n  L# v* I! D! C) Y/ d
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-19 cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号与基因表达</SPAN></P>
, _$ |% f' T* _8 r2 @, i; l) U<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">调节模型</SPAN></H5>
0 K, G( }& b+ a( d, Z  L2 F<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对腺苷酸环化酶的抑制作用可通过两个途径:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基与腺苷酸环化酶结合,直接抑制酶的活性;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">βγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基复合物与游离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基结合,阻断</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基对腺苷酸环化酶的活化(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
  G/ k; l1 p0 e/ ]8 Q- S<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">百日咳毒素催化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ADP-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">核糖基化,结果降低了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基结合的水平,使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基不能活化,从而阻断了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ri</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体对腺苷酸环化酶的抑制作用,但尚不能解释百日咳症状与这种作用机理有关。</SPAN></P>  \" S& n0 q. j3 k' z8 C. J5 H* h( z
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=268 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180126661.jpg" width=553></SPAN></P>
# ~! k6 H  m# w' _$ n$ a<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-20 Gi</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">调节模型</SPAN></P>2 O$ ~% u# Q& X  i; h
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(二)磷脂酰肌醇途径</SPAN></A></H4>
% Q2 @) r$ ^6 D4 A+ t6 U<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在磷脂酰肌醇信号通路中胞外信号分子与细胞表面</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白耦联型受体结合,激活质膜上的磷脂酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PLC-β</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),使质膜上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PIP<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)水解成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三磷酸肌醇(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)和二酰基甘油(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)两个第二信使,胞外信号转换为胞内信号(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),这一信号系统又称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">双信使系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">double messenger system</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>7 k6 c* o5 }% Y7 j
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=259 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180127892.jpg" width=553></SPAN></P>
  @* F5 {) X* G' F<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷脂酰肌醇途径</SPAN></P>! M7 W% c/ D3 \' J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与内质网上的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">配体门钙通道结合,开启钙通道,使胞内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">浓度升高。激活各类依赖钙离子的蛋白。用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">载体离子霉素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ionomycin</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)处理细胞会产生类似的结果(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>4 b  F: g3 G2 q& f- @  w
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合于质膜上,可活化与质膜结合的蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Protein Kinase C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">以非活性形式分布于细胞溶质中,当细胞接受刺激,产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">浓度升高,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">便转位到质膜内表面,被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">可以使蛋白质的丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸残基磷酸化是不同的细胞产生不同的反应,如细胞分泌、肌肉收缩、细胞增殖和分化等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的作用可用佛波醇酯(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">phobol ester</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)模拟。</SPAN></P>
* r% ^+ v: l% q2 V, R<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=454 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180127578.jpg" width=535></SPAN></P>
/ ]$ g! o5 d- j7 Z1 b7 W- o$ j<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-22 IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的作用</SPAN></P>
3 ~* p. ]/ O2 m- d<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化各种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合蛋白引起细胞反应,钙调素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">calmodulin</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CaM</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)由单一肽链构成,具有四个钙离子结合部位。结合钙离子发生构象改变,可激活钙调素依赖性激酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CaM-Kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。细胞对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的反应取决于细胞内钙结合蛋白和钙调素依赖性激酶的种类。如:在哺乳类脑神经元突触处钙调素依赖性激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ⅱ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">十分丰富,与记忆形成有关。该蛋白发生点突变的小鼠表现出明显的记忆无能。</SPAN></P>
' k- c9 q/ M. a<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号的终止是通过去磷酸化形成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,或被磷酸化形成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>4</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">由质膜上的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">泵和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Na<SUP>+</SUP>-Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">交换器将抽出细胞,或由内质网膜上的钙泵抽进内质网(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-23</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
6 x9 Z8 m; s: R7 y+ w6 N4 T<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=336 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180127260.jpg" width=554></SPAN></P>
# m% m5 c8 }: ]  v* K<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-23 Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号的消除</SPAN></P>1 w) J; N9 {, O4 F8 Z7 N: s
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通过两种途径终止其信使作用:一是被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激酶磷酸化成为磷脂酸,进入磷脂酰肌醇循环;二是被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酯酶水解成单酯酰甘油。由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">代谢周期很短,不可能长期维持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活性,而细胞增殖或分化行为的变化又要求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">长期活性所产生的效应。现发现另一种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">生成途径,即由磷脂酶催化质膜上的磷脂酰胆碱断裂产生的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">DG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,用来维持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的长期效应。</SPAN></P>
) {, Z, |6 i( e  {<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(三)其它</SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白偶联型受体</SPAN></H4>
5 Y1 ?' r' v) ?$ f<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.化学感受器中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白</SPAN></P>
2 ?  y" _) D8 k$ W<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">气味分子与化学感受器中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白偶联型受体结合,可激活腺苷酸环化酶,产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,开启</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">门控阳离子通道(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cAMP-gated cation channel</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),引起钠离子内流,膜去极化,产生神经冲动,最终形成嗅觉或味觉。</SPAN></P>
' {  K$ W. C7 P- E<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.视觉感受器中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白</SPAN></P>& N. ]3 j" p9 O3 j. ~# B
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">黑暗条件下视杆细胞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">或视锥细胞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">浓度较高,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">门控钠离子通道开放,钠离子内流,引起膜去极化,突触持续向次级神经元释放递质。</SPAN></P>( l* T) u- U% s& U( k
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视紫红质(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">rhodopsin, Rh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">次跨膜蛋白,含一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">11</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">顺</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视黄醛。是视觉感受器中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白偶联型受体,光照使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视黄醛的构象变为反式,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">分解为视黄醛和视蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">opsin</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),构象改变的视蛋白激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">transducin, Gt</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷酸二酯酶,将细胞中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水解。从而关闭钠通道,引起细胞超极化,产生视觉。可见胞内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水平下降的负效应信号起传递光刺激的作用(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-24</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
& [( X" Z7 _, v0 X" q% Q3 u1 }( n<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视觉感受器的换能反映可表述为:</SPAN></P>
6 ^- m: ^3 K* S7 _+ d$ E8 H) c% n<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">光信号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→Rh</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→Gt</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷酸二酯酶激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">胞内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">减少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→Na<SUP>+</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子通道关闭</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">离子浓度下降</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">膜超极化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">神经递质释放减少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视觉反应。</SPAN></P>  [9 x5 b3 P- `! b) Q' @9 u, Q
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=273 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180127778.jpg" width=554></SPAN></P>. [; F  N. d, e  z- m+ E
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-24 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">视觉感受器中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白</SPAN></P>% v* x, d3 u5 \9 N9 Z
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(四) 小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白</SPAN></H4>$ U8 [5 X: [: M6 W, e
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Small G Protein</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)因分子量只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">20~30KD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">而得名,同样具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶活性,在多种细胞反应中具有开关作用。第一个被发现的小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,它是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">基因</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.cella.cn/book/08/02.htm#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的产物。其它的还有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Rho</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SEC4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">YPT1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">等,微管蛋白</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">β</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基也是一种小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白。</SPAN></P>$ N7 i* j. b# g3 j: b% U. L& H
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白的共同特点是,当结合了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">时即成为活化形式,这时可作用于下游分子使之活化,而当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水解成为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">时(自身为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶)则回复到非活化状态。这一点与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gα</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">类似,但是小</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白的分子量明显低于Gα。</SPAN>   s( M4 p' U* D% ~& ^
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">在细胞中存在着一些专门控制小G蛋白活性的小G蛋白调节因子,有的可以增强小G蛋白的活性,如鸟苷酸交换因子(guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF)和鸟苷酸解离抑制因子(Guanine nucleotide dissociation Inhibitor, GDI),有的可以降低小G蛋白活性,如GTP酶活化蛋白(GTPase activating protein, GAP)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>) v- [2 M4 ~9 ^$ W
<H3 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三、</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶耦联型受体</SPAN></H3>
/ U8 O7 |& c  Z3 B* n+ q& a0 C<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶偶联型受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">enzyme linked receptor</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)分为两类,其一是本身具有激酶活性,如肽类生长因子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">EGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PDGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CSF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">等)受体;其二是本身没有酶活性,但可以连接非受体酪氨酸激酶,如细胞因子受体超家族。这类受体的共同点是:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通常为单次跨膜蛋白</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.cella.cn/book/08/02.htm#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">[6]</SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">接受配体后发生二聚化而激活,起动其下游信号转导。</SPAN></P>
6 T" {! l9 Z1 F7 f$ ]; d<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">已知六类:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酪氨酸激酶连接的受体、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸磷脂酶、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">④</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">⑤</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体鸟苷酸环化酶、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">⑥</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">组氨酸激酶连接的受体(与细菌的趋化性有关)。</SPAN></P>
( G. j  |# |7 J, Y<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(一)</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶</SPAN></H4>% @7 S/ J, V2 m
<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、酪氨酸激酶</SPAN></H5>
: s5 K4 l" J( a. h' |' W<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酪氨酸激酶可分为三类:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶,为单次跨膜蛋白,在脊椎动物中已发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">余种;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">胞质酪氨酸激酶,如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Src</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">家族、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Tec</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">家族、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ZAP70</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、家族、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">家族等;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">核内酪氨酸激酶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Abl</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Wee</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>; y& _- u' T* W; `
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">receptor protein tyrosine kinases</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTKs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)的胞外区是结合配体结构域,配体是可溶性或膜结合的多肽或蛋白类激素,包括胰岛素和多种生长因子。胞内段是酪氨酸蛋白激酶的催化部位,并具有自磷酸化位点(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-25</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
& ^; b1 V( N( |5 f8 ?4 Z5 y<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">配体(如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">EGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)在胞外与受体结合并引起构象变化,导致受体二聚化(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">dimerization</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)形成同源或异源二聚体,在二聚体内彼此相互磷酸化胞内段酪氨酸残基,激活受体本身的酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性。这类受体主要有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">EGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PDGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">FGF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">等(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-26</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>" \  r1 p. }. j2 o2 `
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=354 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180127425.jpg" width=428></SPAN></P>
# }& g  ^& a) u6 ?9 E  Y' O<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-25 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶的二聚化和自磷酸化</SPAN></P>
2 m) d0 H- x' u0 q% B6 s# T, d% q<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
: B# z4 H$ A6 Q0 e8 M<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=395 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180128340.jpg" width=553></SPAN></P>
' U' u! N# [* k! Y( e<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-26 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">各类受体酪氨酸激酶</SPAN></P>( Z% R$ A4 o2 O' ?+ A
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>; V8 ]( c% J9 r) @6 P
<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、信号分子间的识别结构域</SPAN></H5>
. ~# P' z2 H; n& O4 D. m# \9 Z<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号转导分子中存在着一些大约由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">50~100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">个氨基酸构成的结构域,它们在不同的信号转导分子中具有很高的同源性。这些结构域的作用是在细胞中介导信号介导分子的相互识别和连接,共同形成不同的信号转导途径(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Signal transduction pathway</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),如电脑的接口一样把不同的设备连接起来,形成信号转导网络(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Signal transduction network</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。与细胞信号分子识别有关的结构域主要有:</SPAN></P>6 b: v- }$ W4 e# j, J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Src Homology 2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域):约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">个氨基酸组成,介导信号分子与含磷酸酪氨酸的蛋白分子结合。</SPAN></P>
4 h  B, r3 D' G1 D<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Src Homology 3 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域):约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">50~100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">个氨基酸组成,介导信号分子与富含脯氨酸的蛋白分子结合。</SPAN></P>
0 w7 B* {8 t, D. ]6 r0 \' V<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Pleckstrin Homology </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域):约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">100~120</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">个氨基酸组成,可以与膜上磷脂类分子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PIP<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PIP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IP<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">等结合,使含</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域蛋白由细胞质中转位到细胞膜上。</SPAN></P>2 c, g) {$ m% I( A. E
<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径</SPAN></H5>
7 G, i1 A% f2 p' H$ E7 C<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸激酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)结合信号分子,形成二聚体,并发生自磷酸化而活化,活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,由活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">引起蛋白激酶的磷酸化级联反应(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-27</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>2 j) q  F1 S  @+ M. A' k1 {
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白要释放</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,结合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的才能激活,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GDP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的释放需要鸟苷酸交换因子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GEF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Sos</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)参与;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Sos</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域,但没有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域,因此不能直接和受体结合,需要接头蛋白(如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Grb2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)的连接,接头蛋白通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与受体的磷酸酪氨酸残基结合,再通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Sos</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Sos</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与膜上的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">接触,从而活化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>
$ R. u' p: y& {1 G<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">本身的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶活性不强,需要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">酶活化蛋白(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GAP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)的参与,使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">水解而失活,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GAP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域可直接与活化的受体结合。</SPAN></P>1 c' m5 S+ S# x, T2 ]
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Raf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">N</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">端结构域结合并使其激活,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Raf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">是丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ser/Thr</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)蛋白激酶(又称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPKKK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)</SPAN></P>
  q" B: H( K5 {& p0 _' ?<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Raf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结合并磷酸化另一种蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPKK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,使其活化。</SPAN></P>6 _" H% c  I/ T( p6 {; H0 \
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPKK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">又使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基使之激活。</SPAN></P>. m, }: C& Q+ ^
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">为有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">mitogen-activated protein kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),属丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸残激酶。活化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">进入细胞核,可使许多转录因子活化,如将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Elk-1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活,促进</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">c-fos</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">c-jun</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的表达。</SPAN></P>
5 j9 j* g* J" q0 E' z<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTK-Ras</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号通路可概括如下:</SPAN></P>" c) b7 R2 D  u+ ~, Z* A2 [$ M
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">配体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→RPTK→adaptor→GEF→Ras→Raf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">MAPKKK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→MAPKK</SPAN></P>9 S! x, N! j9 f( d
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→MAPK→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">进入细胞核</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">转录因子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">基因表达。</SPAN></P>
7 w7 g1 d; n% v1 c7 J<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=719 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180128115.jpg" width=384></SPAN></P>
& z4 k# g8 @- q$ _8 M# y! q<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-27 RAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径</SPAN></P>
: Y0 y0 @) F: p( J  F5 q<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
$ Z$ @( k3 T% A7 I# d/ o/ B<H5 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">.胰岛素受体介导的信号转导</SPAN></H5>
# i: d. \; j# A' K5 i$ F  ?1 Q8 Y<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">胰岛素受体也属于受体酪氨酸激酶,是由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">α</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">β</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">两种组成四聚体型受体,其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">β</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基具有激酶活性,可将胰岛素受体底物(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">insulin receptor substrates, IRSs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)磷酸化(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-28</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IRS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">作为多种蛋白的停泊点,可以结合或激活具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域的蛋白。如磷脂酰肌醇</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
( {! ~0 |) B) P9 A<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=467 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180128746.jpg" width=297></SPAN></P>& A, L% a% a2 j, l: ^( U
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-28 IRS</SPAN></P>2 g# p8 z1 H! |! J, {9 _" c5 F' n) L
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PI3K</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">催化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PI</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">形成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PI(3,4)P<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PI(3,4,5)P<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,这两种磷酸肌醇可作为胞内信号蛋白(含</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">结构域)的停泊位点,激活这些蛋白。其信号通路主要有:</SPAN></P>
" L' }& G" \8 I3 R<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">通过激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">BTK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Bruton's tyrosine kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),再激活磷脂酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Cγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PLCγ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),引起磷脂酰肌醇途径。</SPAN></P>5 ^. [# c  a' b
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活磷脂酰肌醇依赖性激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKD1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">phosphoinositol dependent kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKD1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">激活转位到膜上的蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,一种丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸激酶,如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Akt</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。激活的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">返回细胞质,将细胞调亡相关的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">BAD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白磷酸化,抑制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">BAD</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的活性,从而使细胞存活(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-29</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。</SPAN></P>
# Y5 W9 v8 B, D. Y; o( ~2 D<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=502 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180128984.jpg" width=421></SPAN></P>
# J) W) C  A. B3 Q1 ~6 G<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-29 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的活化</SPAN></P>% E# t8 s# g  _
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(二)受体丝氨酸</SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸激酶</SPAN></H4>
' N( T! l! e/ t' h4 [6 X) U( E; L7 D; z<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸磷酯酶(receptor tyrosine phosphatases)为单次跨膜蛋白受体,受体胞内区具有蛋白酪氨酸磷酯酶的活性,胞外配体与受体结合激发该酶活性,使特异的胞内信号蛋白的磷酸酪氨酸残基去磷酸化,其作用是控制磷酸酪氨酸残基的寿命,使静止细胞具有较低的磷酸酪氨酸残基的水平。它的作用不是简单的与RPTK相反,可能与酪氨酸激酶一起协同工作,如参与细胞周期调控。白细胞表面的CD45属这类受体,对具体配体的尚不了解。</SPAN></P>
: B2 Y: R, S2 g6 S1 V<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和酪氨酸激酶一样存在胞质酪氨酸磷酯酶。胞质酪氨酸磷酯酶胞内段具有两个SH结构域,称作SHP1和SHP2,通过SHP1可以与细胞因子受体连接,使Jak去磷酸化,SHP1结构域缺陷的老鼠,各类血细胞异常。说明胞质酪氨酸磷酯酶与血细胞分化有关。<BR>。</SPAN></P>5 G/ r! Z5 r* N
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(三)受体酪氨酸磷酯酶</SPAN></A></H4>& z; U% c; W% k; y0 u
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体酪氨酸磷酯酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">receptor tyrosine phosphatases</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)是单次跨膜蛋白受体,受体胞内区具有蛋白酪氨酸磷酯酶的活性,胞外配体与受体结合激发该酶活性,使特异的胞内信号蛋白的磷酸酪氨酸残基去磷酸化,因而在静止的细胞内维持被磷酸化的酪氨酸残基水平很低。它的作用似乎与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">相反,不仅持续地逆转</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RPTK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的效应,在细胞信号系统中发挥特殊的调节作用,而且在细胞周期调控中发挥重要作用。存在于白细胞表面的抗原</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CD45</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">被认为是这类受体,对具体配体的了解不多。</SPAN></P>( _$ W4 s7 f, [
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(四)受体鸟苷酸环化酶</SPAN></A></H4>9 ?. d# k, p# j3 B; ^) z6 z; g  Z
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">受体鸟苷酸环化酶(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">receptor guanylate cyclase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)是单次跨膜蛋白受体,胞外段是配体结合部位,胞内段为鸟苷酸环化酶催化结构域。受体的配体心房排钠肽(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">atrial natriuretic peptides</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ANPs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)和脑排钠肽(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">brain natriuretic peptides</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">BNPs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。当血压升高时,心房肌细胞分泌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ANPs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,促进肾细胞排水、排钠,同时导致血管平滑肌细胞松弛,结果使血压下降。介导</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ANP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">反应的受体分布在肾和血管平滑肌细胞表面。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">ANPs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与受体结合直接激活胞内段鸟苷酸环化酶的活性,使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">转化为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">作为第二信使结合并激活依赖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的蛋白激酶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">PKG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),导致靶蛋白的丝氨酸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">苏氨酸残基磷酸化而活化。</SPAN></P>' Y) C8 R+ s$ U3 S: ~$ D
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">除了与质膜结合的鸟苷酸环化酶外,在细胞质基质中还存在可溶性的鸟苷酸环化酶,它们是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">NO</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">作用的靶酶,催化产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cGMP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>+ ?2 j! K8 H& _! U0 M- Q) U- f
<H4 style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(五)</SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">细胞因子受体超家族</SPAN></H4>
. O- G; G4 K/ e+ R+ z<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">属于酪氨酸激酶连接的受体(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">tyrosine kinase associated receptor</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)。细胞因子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cytokine</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),如:白介素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IL</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)、干扰素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">IFN</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)、集落刺激因子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">CSF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)、生长激素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">GH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)等,在造血细胞和免疫细胞通讯上起作用,这类细胞因子的受体为单次跨膜蛋白,本身不具有酶活性,但与配体结合后发生二聚化而激活,罗织或连接胞内酪氨酸蛋白激酶(如,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),其信号途径为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">RAS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">途径。</SPAN></P>4 }! i" T2 J8 E7 w. t
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">just another kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">janus kinase</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)是一类非受体酪氨酸激酶家族,已发现四个成员,即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK<SUB>1</SUB> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK<SUB>2</SUB> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK<SUB>3</SUB> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">TYK<SUB>1</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,其结构不含</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>2</SUB> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">段具有两个相连的激酶区。</SPAN></P>
7 l$ i2 u" G) E' A9 e6 b; o$ U<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的底物为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,即信号转导子和转录激活子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">signal transducer and activator of transcription</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">SH<SUB>3</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">两类结构域。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷酸化后发生二聚化,然后穿过核膜进入核内调节相关基因的表达,这条信号通路称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK-STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">途径(图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">),可概括如下:</SPAN></P>; r3 I0 c* r7 v8 ^7 d5 D
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">1、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">配体与受体结合导致受体二聚化;</SPAN></P>
0 K/ Q$ t( M7 B4 G  Q3 A$ O' ~<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">2、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">二聚化受体激活</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">;</SPAN></P>
5 K1 }" A0 @) M, M! d) C1 H<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">3、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp; </SPAN>JAK</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">磷酸化;</SPAN></P>( C( Y$ H4 E. E( S
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp; </SPAN>STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">形成二聚体,暴露出入核信号;</SPAN></P>
7 l( N" R* R" O<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">5、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp; </SPAN>STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">进入核内,调节基因表达。</SPAN></P>- }" k- }; l, L5 D2 }6 {
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=452 src="http://www.bioon.com/biology/UploadFiles/200406/20040603180128205.jpg" width=324></SPAN></P>! K& {- c  y$ M" a3 Z5 W
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">8-30 JAK-STAT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">信号途径</SPAN></P>9 a3 G9 i1 c% W" I
<DIV id=ftn1>8 l+ M' p& |% ?4 V
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1>
* S7 h: j0 Q8 R3 Y# F  C/ `9 a5 S6 j
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"> </P></DIV>
+ F0 c" K2 d5 I3 x* r2 T<DIV id=ftn5>( M$ e2 B5 y1 b- `$ H
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">[5]</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> rat sarcoma</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的缩写。</SPAN></P></DIV>4 b" {, {8 B& Q& i8 B9 d
<DIV id=ftn6>( e' _2 h( B. T7 j+ R+ d- D
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">[6]</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">胰岛素和胰岛素样的生长因子-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1(IGF-I)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的受体有</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">a</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">b</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">两种亚基,组成四聚体型受体,其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">b</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亚基具有酪氨酸激酶活性。</SPAN></P></DIV></TD></TR>

评分

1

查看全部评分

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册

本版积分规则

小黑屋|手机版|Archiver|中医针推网

GMT+8, 2025-4-5 03:00 , Processed in 0.036195 second(s), 21 queries .

Powered by Discuz! X3.4

Copyright © 2001-2021, Tencent Cloud.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表